Electrochemically activated water (ECHAW): history of discovery, specificity of the process, current state and prospects of its application under irrigation conditions
Keywords:
electrochemically activated water (ECHAW), anolyte, catholyte, redox potential, irrigation with activated water, drip irrigation systems
Abstract
The history of the discovery, the specificity of the process and the current state of the use of electrochemically activated water (ECHAW) in various sectors of the economy are analyzed and the possibilities of its use in irrigation are determined. It has been established that the most promising area of application of ECHAW in irrigated agriculture are drip irrigation systems. The adding an anolyte to water during drip irrigation can significantly reduce (or even eliminate) the need to use plant protection products and the adding an catholyte significantly accelerates the development and increases the yield of agricultural crops against the background of improving product quality. The ecological consequences of this are the reduction of anthropogenic load on irrigated lands through the complete or partial replacement of chemical plant protection products with anolyte, which is an environmentally safe liquid; economic - increasing profitability and reducing the payback period of land irrigation projects. It has been determined that the prospect of using ECHAW in drip irrigation systems is due to the fact that the water supply technology allows supplying catholyte and anolyte to the field with minimal losses of activation potential. A predisposing factor for the use of ECHAW in drip irrigation systems is also their design according to a modular principle, which contributes to the possibility of equipping water treatment units of systems with ECHAW modules. At the same time, the design of systems should be carried out taking into account not only the need to ensure uniform distribution of water by droppers over the field, but also with the preservation of the activation potential of electrochemically activated components of irrigation water. Based on the foregoing, it can be considered that the development of means of electrochemical activation of water for irrigation needs, as well as technologies for the use of such water in growing crops is relevant and timely. The deployment of fundamental and applied research will contribute to the development of domestic equipment for the industrial production of ECHAW and will allow adapting the world technologies of their use to the conditions and needs of the Ukrainian manufacturer and consumer. The use of electrochemically activated water in drip irrigation systems can be especially effective.
References
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30. Abezin, V. G., & Karpunin, V.V. (2007). Sistema kapelnogo orosheniya s modulem elektroaktivatsii vodyi [Drip irrigation system with water electroactivation module]. Dostizheniya nauki i tehniki APK, 6, 23-25. cyberleninka.ru. Retrived from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistema-kapelnogo-orosheniya-s-modulem-elektroaktivatsii-orositelnoy-vody/viewer. [in Russian]
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32. Semenenko, S. Ya., Lyitov, M. N., Chushkina, E.Y., & Chushkin, A.N. (2018). Sozdanie effektivnyih ekologicheski bezopasnyih tehnologiy i tehnicheskih sredstv orosheniya novogo pokoleniya [Creation of effective environmentally friendly technologies and technical means of irrigation of the new generation], Izvestiya Nizhnevolzhskogo agrounivesitetskogo kompleksa, 2 (50). [in Russian]
33. Amcheslavskiy, O. V. (2011). Razrabotka tehnologii orosheniya saharnoy kukuruzyi s ispolzovaniem optimizirovannyih sostavov aktivirovannyih rastvorov [Development of sugar corn irrigation technology using optimized compositions of activated solutions]. Extended abtract of candidate’s thesis. Volgograd. [in Russian]
34. Tsokur, D.S. (2013). Uluchshenie kachestva regulirovaniya kislotnosti pochvyi na osnove elektroaktivatora vodyi pri vyiraschivanii tomatov v usloviyah zakryitogo grunta [Improving the quality of soil acidity control based on electroactivator of water when growing tomatoes indoors]. Krasnodar. [in Russian]
35. Chushkin, O.M. (2014). Teoreticheskoe i eksperimentalnoe obosnovanie algoritma proektirovaniya sistem kapelnogo orosheniya s modulem elektrohimicheskoy aktivatsii vodyi [Theoretical and experimental substantiation of the algorithm for designing drip irrigation systems with a module of electrochemical activation of water]. Volgograd. [in Russian]
2. Bahir, V.M., Zadorozhnyi, Yu. G., Leonov, B. I., Panicheva, S.A., Prilutskiy, V.I., & Suhova, O.I. (1996). Elektrohimicheskaya aktivatsiya: istoriya, sostoyanie, perspektivyi [Electrochemical activation: history, state, prospects]. Moskva. [in Russian]
3. Bahir, V.M. Teoreticheskie aspektyi elektrohimicheskoy aktivatsii. OAO "NPO "EKRAN" [Theoretical aspects of electrochemical activation]. Moskva. ikar.udm.ru. Retrieved from https://ikar.udm.ru/sb/sb21-2-08.htm. [in Russian]
4. Prilutskiy, V.I., & Bahir, V.M. (1997). Elektrohimicheski aktivirovannaya voda: anomalnyie svoystva, mehanizm biologicheskogo deystviya [Electrochemically activated water: abnormal properties, mechanism of biological action]. Moskva: VNIIIMT. [in Russian]
5. Shanahan, J. P., & Gonzalez, R.B. (2021). Electrochemical activation of water. - US11000883B2-2021-05-11. patents.google.com. Retrieved from https://patents.google.com/patent/US11000883B2/en.
6. Bahir, V.M. (2014). Elektrohimicheskaya aktivatsiya: izobreteniya, tehnika, tehnologiya [Electrochemical activation: inventions, technique, technology]. Moskva: Viva-Star. [in Russian]
7. Rabochaya programa «Elektrohimiicheskie tehnologii zaschityi okruzhayuschey sredyi (2016). [Electrochemical technologies of environmental protection]. Yuzhno-rossyiskyi hosudarstvennyi unyversytet ym. M.Y. Platova. Novocherkassk. tf.npi-tu.ru. Retrieved from https://tf.npi-tu.ru/assets/tf/kht/files/Progr%20TEP%20novie/extexn-zashh-okr-sr.pdf. [in Russian]
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9. Vyipusknaya kvalifikatsionnaya rabota «Analiz i razrabotka sistemyi avtomaticheskogo upravleniya protsessom elektrohimicheskoy aktivatsii vodyi». (2018) [Analysis and development of an automatic control system for the process of electrochemical activation of water]. Voronezhskiy gosudarstvennyiy lesotehnicheskiy universitet im. G.F.Morozova. Voronezh. nauchkor.ru. Retrieved from: https://nauchkor.ru/uploads/documents/5ecbb20acd3d3e0001403e61.pdf. [in Russian]
10. Apparatus Producing Continuously Electrolyzed Water. (1991). USA Patent Number 5, 051, 161, 1991. Inventors: Shuji Yamagushi, Shiroji Misawa, Giichi Asanuma, all of Saitama, Japan.
11. Ghebremichael, K., Muchelemba, E., Petrusevski, B., & Amy, G. (2011). Electrochemically activated water as an alternative to chlorine for decentralized disinfection. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 60 (4), 210-218.
12. EIAmin, A. (2007) Electrolyzed water effective as chemical cleaner, study finds. foodnavigator.com. Retrieved from https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2006/01/31/Electrolyzed-water-effective-as-chemical-cleaner-study-finds
13. Activated and Electrolyzed Water: A Brief Review of a New Generation of Cleaners and Sanitizing Agents. (2010). Food Safety Magazine: August 1. Food-safety.com. Retrieved from https://www.food-safety.com/articles/4263-activated-and-electrolyzed-water-a-brief-review-of-a-new-generation-of-cleaners-and-sanitizing-agents
14. Electrolyzed Water Generated On-Site as a Promising Disinfectant in the Dental Office During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Public Health, 30 April 2021. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.629142
15. Prylutskyi, V. Y., Dolhopolov, V. Y., & Barabash, T. B. (2013). Anolityi na ryinke dezsredstv: ne oshibites v vyibore! / [Anolytes in the market of disinfectants: do not make a mistake in the choice!]. Meditsinskiy alfavIt, 3. bakhir.ru. Retrieved from http://www.bakhir.ru/_img/pdf/3-eg-13-4-corr.pdf [in Russian]
16. Bahir, V.M., Mamadzhanov, U.D., & Maksudova, M. H. (1976). Sposob predposevnoy obrabotki semyan hlopchatnika [The method of pre-sowing treatment of cotton seeds]. Avtorskoe svidetelstvo SSSR. № 663358. [in Russian]
17. Tsikoridze, N.G., Liakumovich, A.G., Dadiani, R.G., Kirpichnikov, P.A., & Mechehiya M.V. (1985). Sposob hraneniya tsitrusovyih plodov [Method of storing citrus fruits]. Avtorskoe svidetelstvo SSSR. № 1341743. [in Russian]
18. Shtern, K.L., Gusakov, N.I., Spektor, L.E., & Bahir, V.M. (1987). Sposob konservirovaniya zelenoy massyi kukuruzyi [The method of preserving the green mass of corn]. Avtorskoe svidetelstvo SSSR. № 1534772. [in Russian]
19. Piskunov, B.A., Fisinin, V.I. Spektor, L.E., Bahir, V.M., Zadorozhniy, Yu.G., & Filonenko, V.I. (1986). Sposob obrabotki yaits selskohozyaystvennoy ptitsyi [Method of processing poultry eggs]. Avtorskoe svidetelstvo SSSR. № 1752401. [in Russian]
20. Aronbaev, D.M., Aronbaev, S.D., Raimkulova, Ch.A., Isakova, D.T., & Shertaeva, A.A. (2021). Voda «zhivaya» i «mertvaya». Novyie faktyi ob antioksidantnyih i relaksatsionnyih harakteristikah elektroaktivirovannoy vodyi [Water is "alive" and "dead". New facts about the antioxidant and relaxation characteristics of electroactivated water ]. Universum: himiya i biologiya. 7universum.com. Retrieved from https://7universum.com/ru/nature/archive/item/11225. [in Russian]
21. Ptashnik, V., Nakonechna, O., Veligorska, M., & Sadova, M. (2013). Elektrokhimichna aktyvatsiia vodnykh rozchyniv yak ekolohichnyi metod vodopidhotovky [ Electrochemical activation of aqueous solutions as an ecological method of water treatment] Ecology & tourism, 12-13. ena.lp.edu.ua. Retrieved from http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bitstream/ntb/27007/1/005-012-013.pdf. [in Ukrainian]
22. Mandigra, M.S., & Lisitsya, A.V. (2020). Vykorystannia elektrokhimichno aktyvovanykh (EKhA) rozchyniv u veterynarnii medytsyni i orhanichnomu vyrobnytstvi: (naukovo-praktychni rekomendatsii) [The use of electrochemically activated (ECA) solutions in veterinary medicine and organic production: (scientific and practical recommendations)]. Lutsk: PP Ivanyuk V.P. [in Ukrainian]
23. Marynin, A.I., Bolshak, Yu.V., Sviatenko, R.S., & Shtepa, D.V. (2020). Doslidzhennia fizyko-khimichnykh pokaznykiv vody, obroblenoi bezreahentnym elektrokhimichnym metodom [Research of physicochemical parameters of water treated by reagent-free electrochemical method]. Visnyk NTU "KhPI”, 2, 103-109. [in Ukrainian]
24. Kiyanovskiy, A.M. (2019). Ustroystvo dlya elektrohimicheskoy aktivatsii vodyi [Device for electrochemical activation of water]. Modern engineering and innovative technologies, 8,1. dspace.ksau.kherson.ua. Retrieved from http://dspace.ksau.kherson.ua/handle/123456789/1868. [in Russian]
25 Ptashnyk, V.V. (2014). Ekolohichno bezpechni tekhnolohii oderzhannia promyslovykh vodnykh rozchyniv z vykorystanniam elektrokhimichnoi aktyvatsii [Ecologically safe technologies for obtaining industrial aqueous solutions using electrochemical activation]. Extended abtract of candidate’s thesis. Symu. [in Ukrainian]
26. Geletu, Q., Zahra, A., Shelby, L., Foster, M., & Matlock, G. (2021). Electrochemical disinfection of irrigation water with a graphite electrode flow cell. Water,93, 535-548. onlinelibrary.wiley.com. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wer.1456.
27. Geletu, Q., Mojtaba, A., Raheleh, D., Shelby, L. Foster, & Marty, M. (2021). Disinfection of Irrigation Water Using Titanium Electrodes, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 168 (6). iopscience.iop.org. Retrieved from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0943
28. The use of ECA-water for water disinfection in horticulture. fertinnowa.com. Retrieved from https://www.fertinnowa.com/technologies/use-eca-water-water-disinfection-horticulture/
29. Lévesque, S., Graham, T., & Bejan, D. (2019). Inactivation of Rhizoctonia solani in fertigation water using regenerative in situ electrochemical hypochlorination. Scientific Reports, 9, 14237. nature.com. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-50600-7
30. Abezin, V. G., & Karpunin, V.V. (2007). Sistema kapelnogo orosheniya s modulem elektroaktivatsii vodyi [Drip irrigation system with water electroactivation module]. Dostizheniya nauki i tehniki APK, 6, 23-25. cyberleninka.ru. Retrived from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sistema-kapelnogo-orosheniya-s-modulem-elektroaktivatsii-orositelnoy-vody/viewer. [in Russian]
31. Chushkina, O.I. (2014). Tehnologiya primeneniya elektrohimicheski aktivirovannoy vodyi pri kapelnom oroshenii tomatov [Technology of application of electrochemically activated water at drop irrigation of tomatoes]. Extended abtract of candidate’s thesis. Volgograd. [in Russian]
32. Semenenko, S. Ya., Lyitov, M. N., Chushkina, E.Y., & Chushkin, A.N. (2018). Sozdanie effektivnyih ekologicheski bezopasnyih tehnologiy i tehnicheskih sredstv orosheniya novogo pokoleniya [Creation of effective environmentally friendly technologies and technical means of irrigation of the new generation], Izvestiya Nizhnevolzhskogo agrounivesitetskogo kompleksa, 2 (50). [in Russian]
33. Amcheslavskiy, O. V. (2011). Razrabotka tehnologii orosheniya saharnoy kukuruzyi s ispolzovaniem optimizirovannyih sostavov aktivirovannyih rastvorov [Development of sugar corn irrigation technology using optimized compositions of activated solutions]. Extended abtract of candidate’s thesis. Volgograd. [in Russian]
34. Tsokur, D.S. (2013). Uluchshenie kachestva regulirovaniya kislotnosti pochvyi na osnove elektroaktivatora vodyi pri vyiraschivanii tomatov v usloviyah zakryitogo grunta [Improving the quality of soil acidity control based on electroactivator of water when growing tomatoes indoors]. Krasnodar. [in Russian]
35. Chushkin, O.M. (2014). Teoreticheskoe i eksperimentalnoe obosnovanie algoritma proektirovaniya sistem kapelnogo orosheniya s modulem elektrohimicheskoy aktivatsii vodyi [Theoretical and experimental substantiation of the algorithm for designing drip irrigation systems with a module of electrochemical activation of water]. Volgograd. [in Russian]
Published
2021-12-23
How to Cite
Romashchenko, M., Konakov, B., Polishchuk, V., & Usatyi, S. (2021). Electrochemically activated water (ECHAW): history of discovery, specificity of the process, current state and prospects of its application under irrigation conditions. Land Reclamation and Water Management, (2), 177 - 189. https://doi.org/10.31073/mivg202102-291
Section
Articles
